广东省南昆山伯乐树群落特征及其保护策略

在广东省南昆山自然保护区内调查了中国特有珍稀植物伯乐树种群的分布格局、龄级结构和伴生群落的物种组成.结果表明:该种群的分布范围狭窄且集中;龄级不完整,Ⅱ、Ⅲ级幼树少见,结构呈衰退型;伴生群落呈典型的亚热带植物区系的特点,其组成不稳定、优势种不显著.建议将伯乐树幼树作为就地保护的重点,适当去除周围的罗浮槭、羊角杜鹃和黄樟等速生树种,以创造有光照和水肥条件的生境;对于Ⅳ级以上成株,应注意拟赤杨和华润楠等空间生态位相近树种的数量和密度,适当疏剪枝条,以帮助成株占据较好的空间位;同时再积极引入异龄的伯乐树幼苗,促进种群恢复和发展.     

三种柑橘类果皮提取物对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过分析测定生物量、叶绿素a含量以及叶绿素荧光参数,研究了3种柑橘类果皮甲醇提取液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明,3种提取液都能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长、叶绿素a合成与光合系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）活性,并且抑制效果随着作用浓度增加而增强。3种提取液抑制作用强弱的顺序为：蜜橘〉西柚〉脐橙。当蜜橘皮提取液浓度大于1.10g/L时,抑藻效果显著（P〈0.05）,培养9d后对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率达到86.4%,且在实验期间抑制作用没有减弱。当脐橙皮与西柚皮提取液的浓度大于3.31g/L时,抑藻效果显著（P〈0.05）,但培养5d后抑制作用开始减弱。据此推测,3种柑橘类果皮提取液中存在一类或几类物质,能够抑制铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a合成,降低PSⅡ活性,从而降低其光合作用效率,导致铜绿微囊藻的生长受到抑制。且这类物质能自然降解,随着作用时间的延长,其抑藻效果也逐渐消失。     

中华鲎虫外部形态结构的初步观察

中华鲎虫体由头、躯干和尾3部分组成.头部具1对复眼和1个无节幼体眼,复眼后有1个颈感器.第1触角细小、棒状,第2触角退化.口器由上唇、大颚和2对小颚组成,上唇为头部的突起物,大颚和2对小颚为附肢,第2小颚的皮肤皱褶延长扩大形成头胸甲.雌体躯干部由36个体节组成,雄体39个体节,前30节具附肢,共57对.雌体躯干部后6个体节无附肢,雄体躯干部后9个体节无附肢.尾节分叉,细长多节,具刚毛,左右两根尾鞭的分节不对称.     

The citrus fruit proteome: insights into citrus fruit metabolism

Fruit development and ripening are key processes in the production of the phytonutrients that are essential for a balanced diet and for disease prevention. The pathways involved in these processes are unique to plants and vary between species. Climacteric fruit ripening, especially in tomato, has been extensively studied; yet, ripening of non-climacteric fruit is poorly understood. Although the different species share common pathways; developmental programs, physiological, anatomical, biochemical composition and structural differences must contribute to the operation of unique pathways, genes and proteins. Citrus has a non-climacteric fruit ripening behavior and has a unique anatomical fruit structure. For the last few years a citrus genome-wide ESTs project has been initiated and consists of 222,911 clones corresponding to 19,854 contigs and 37,138 singletons. Taking advantage of the citrus database we analyzed the citrus proteome. Using LC-MS/MS we analyzed soluble and enriched membrane fractions of mature citrus fruit to identify the proteome of fruit juice cells. We have identified ca. 1,400 proteins from these fractions by searching NCBI-nr (green plants) and citrus ESTs databases, classified these proteins according to their putative function and assigned function according to known biosynthetic pathways.     

壳聚糖对急性氨氮胁迫下中华鳖稚鳖非特异性免疫反应的影响

本研究旨在探讨壳聚糖对急性氨氮胁迫下中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)稚鳖非特异性免疫功能的影响。实验共设5组,实验组中华鳖分别腹腔注射0mg/ml(C0组)、1mg/ml(C1组)、5mg/ml(C2组)、50mg/ml(C3组)壳聚糖溶液0.1ml,并饲养于总氨氮浓度(TAN)为110mg/L的水环境中;对照组注射等量生理盐水溶液并饲养于新鲜晾晒自来水中。注射7d后观测外周血和脾脏中淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率、血清旁路途径溶血活性、血清溶菌活性。与对照组相比,C0组外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率和血清旁路途径溶血活性均有显著提高,脾脏T淋巴细胞和血清溶菌活性没有显著变化。与C0组相比,注射壳聚糖各组外周血T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率和血清溶血活性均有不同程度的显著下降,并且恢复到接近对照组的水平(P>0.05),只有C3组溶血活性显著低于对照组;注射壳聚糖对脾脏中T淋巴细胞ANAE活性没有显著影响。C2组溶菌活性显著高于其他组,其他各组间差异不显著。表明壳聚糖对氨氮胁迫导致的免疫应激反应有一定的拮抗作用,其作用强度因壳聚糖浓度和免疫指标不同而异     

Large clones on cliff faces: expanding by rhizomes through crevices

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large clones of rhizomatous plants are found in many habitats, but little is known about whether such clones also occur on cliff faces where environmental conditions are extremely harsh and heterogeneous. METHODS: Using molecular (intersimple sequence repeat, ISSR) markers, the genotypic composition of a cliff-face population of Oxyria sinensis in Sichuan, China, was investigated. KEY RESULTS: The 98 O. sinensis ramets sampled belonged to 12 different genotypes (clones). The three most frequent clones were represented with 45, 22 and 12 ramets, respectively; the remaining nine were represented with only one to five ramets. The three largest clones spanned at least 2.7 m in the vertical direction and 4.6-6.9 m in the horizontal direction on the cliff face. CONCLUSIONS: On the cliff face, large clones of O. sinensis are formed by rhizomes growing along the crevices. Expansion by rhizomes may help O. sinensis to exploit the patchy resources and support establishment and growth of new ramets. Moreover, rooted ramets connected by rhizomes may effectively reduce the susceptibility of O. sinensis to rock fall and erosion and thus greatly improve the chances for long-term survival. The multi-clone structure indicates that sexual reproduction is also important for the long-term persistence of O. sinensis populations on cliffs.     

膨化饲料动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖生长特性的影响

本实验设计了营养相近、不同动植物蛋白比的四种膨化饲料（饲料1,1.5∶1;饲料2,3∶1;饲料3,5∶1;饲料4,7∶1）,研究了动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖摄食、生长、饲料利用能力和营养组成的影响。饲料1组稚鳖的摄食率显著高于饲料2—4组。饲料1—4组稚鳖的特定生长率没有显著影响。饲料1组稚鳖的干物质和脂类消化率、饲料转化效率、蛋白贮积率和能量贮积率显著低于饲料2—4组。饲料1组稚鳖体脂肪含量显著低于饲料4组。稚鳖的上述指标在饲料2—4组间均无显著差异。结果表明,鳖膨化饲料动植物蛋白比对中华鳖稚鳖生长特性有明显的影响,适宜的动植物蛋白比为3∶1。     

从野皂荚提胶后的副产物中制备分离蛋白

采用碱提酸沉法从野皂荚提胶后的副产物中制备分离蛋白,研究了制备工艺条件对分离蛋白得率的影响。结果表明:当料液比1∶10~1∶12(m/V)、提取液pH8.0~9.0、浸提温度45~50℃、浸提两次、每次浸提45 m in时,分离蛋白得率可达78.45%。研究结果可为野皂荚提胶副产物中蛋白的综合利用奠定了基础。     

Effects of ammonium feeding on the production of bioactive metabolites (cordycepin and exopolysaccharides) in mycelial culture of a Cordyceps sinensis fungus

AIMS: To examine the effects of ammonium feeding on the production of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine, a nucleoside analogue) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) in mycelial culture of a new Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cs-HK1 fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium containing glucose, yeast extract, peptone and a few major inorganic salts. NH(4)Cl was fed to the mycelial culture at various concentrations from 5 to 40 mmol l(-1) on day 3 (during exponential phase). NH(4)Cl, fed at 10 mmol l(-1), stimulated the cordycepin production most significantly, with nearly fourfold increase in the cordycepin content of mycelia (from 28.5 to 117 microg g(-1)), and also increased the EPS production by 40% (from 2.6 to 3.7 g l(-1)). The ammonium feeding had a slightly positive effect at 5-10 mmol l(-1), but a negative effect at higher concentrations on the mycelium growth. Ammonium feeding also caused a sharp drop of the medium pH, owing perhaps to the uptake of NH(3) and the release of H(+) by the fungal cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ammonium feeding to the mycelial culture of Cs-HK1 fungus enhanced the intracellular cordycepin accumulation and the EPS production. The enhanced cordycepin production may be attributed to the uptake of ammonia for nucleoside synthesis, and the enhanced EPS to the increased uptake of glucose for EPS biosynthesis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is useful for the production of bioactive metabolites and for understanding ammonium metabolism and its relationship to the biosynthesis of nucleosides in a precious medicinal fungus.